The problem with this approach is that a class had This requirement previously also applied to abstract base classes, such as
This means that a class A is allowed whereĪ class B is expected if and only if A is a subclass of B. Initially PEP 484 defined the Python static type system as using Use Any to indicate that a value is dynamically typed. Use object to indicate that a value could be any type in a typesafe # Passes type checking, since ints and strs are subclasses of object hash_a ( 42 ) hash_a ( "foo" ) # Passes type checking, since Any is compatible with all types hash_b ( 42 ) hash_b ( "foo" ) def hash_b ( item : Any ) -> int : # Passes type checking item. Vector and list will be treated as interchangeable synonyms:ĭef hash_a ( item : object ) -> int : # Fails type checking an object does not have a 'magic' method. PEP 655: Marking individual TypedDict items as required or potentially missingĪ type alias is defined by assigning the type to the alias.PEP 612: Parameter Specification Variables.Introducing types.UnionType and the ability to use PEP 604: Allow writing union types as X | Y.PEP 593: Flexible function and variable annotations.PEP 591: Adding a final qualifier to typing.PEP 589: TypedDict: Type Hints for Dictionaries with a Fixed Set of Keys.Introducing types.GenericAlias and the ability to use standard PEP 585: Type Hinting Generics In Standard Collections.PEP 544: Protocols: Structural subtyping (static duck typing).Introducing syntax for annotating variables outside of function PEP 526: Syntax for Variable Annotations.Number of PEPs have modified and enhanced Python’s framework for type Since the initial introduction of type hints in PEP 484 and PEP 483, a The documentation at serves as useful referenceįor type system features, useful typing related tools and typing best practices. The Python typing system is standardised via PEPs, this reference shouldīroadly apply to most Python type checkers, although some parts may still be The “Type System Reference” section of – since For a quick overview of type hints, refer to
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